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ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ

ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ

The Assyro- Babylonian Civilization

The Assyro- Babylonian Civilization

Sep 30, 2025

Sep 30, 2025

Sep 30, 2025

Left a lasting legacy

The Babylonian and Assyrian empires dominated ancient Mesopotamia, leaving lasting legacies. Babylon, under rulers like Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II, created influential laws and stunning architecture. King Ashurbanipal's reign marked its peak, with the creation of a massive library in Nineveh. Both empires contributed to Mesopotamian culture. Their cultural achievements shaped the region's history.

The Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi's Code is one of the earliest surviving legal codes, which established a set of laws governing various aspects of life (property disputes, family relations, and criminal punishments). 

Nebuchadnezzar II constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, featuring terraced gardens watered by innovative irrigation systems. Nebuchadnezzar also rebuilt and expanded the city of Babylon, including the construction of the Ishtar Gate, a massive, ornately decorated entrance to the city.

The library and the Epic of Gilgamesh

Ashurbanipal established the Library in Nineveh, which contained thousands of clay tablets with cuneiform inscriptions covering various subjects (history, mythology, science, and literature). The library included the Epic of Gilgamesh. 

The most famous work of Mesopotamian literature is exactly the Epic of Gilgamesh, which first appears in Akkadian language. The epic poem is around 1000 lines and tells the story of a demigod of superhuman strength named Gilgamesh. It is widely regarded as one of the first great works of literature.

Marvelous structures

The Assyrian and Babylonian art and architecture were characterized by their monumental scale structures. The palaces, temples, and cities were built on a massive scale, with towering walls, gates, and ziggurats that served as symbols of their might

The abundance of clay and lack of stone led to greater use of mudbrick. The use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles. The temples are massive structures of crude brick, supported by buttresses, the rain being carried off by drains. 

Luxury goods

Assyrian and Babylonian artists excelled in the production of luxury goods, such as ivory carvings, metalwork, and textiles, which were highly prized throughout the ancient Near East

Ivory carvings, often used to decorate furniture and other objects, featured intricate designs and mythological scenes. The metalworkers produced fine jewelry and ceremonial objects using gold, silver, and bronze. The textiles, such as embroidered robes and tapestries, were renowned for their quality and beauty.

Scientific achievements

The first ever positional number system

Babylon and Assyria are also known for their achievements in the field of science. They used a base 60 or sexagesimal number system. From this we derive the modern day measurements of both the hour and the minute. 

As the number 60 has many divisors (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30), a sexagesimal system makes calculations easier than the decimal.

Using the sexagesimal system, they were able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers. Their computations were complemented by the use of extensive tables. Also, Babylonian tablets have been found which could have been used for calculating cubes and cube roots.

This numeral system is the first known positional numeral system and it is considered by some as their greatest achievement in mathematics. 

Due to their advanced number system, they made great advances in mathematics, also by developing a sexagesimal number system (base 60) made notable contributions to geometry and algebra. 

Calendar and astronomy

The exploration of the Sun, Moon, and other celestial bodies affected the development of Mesopotamian culture. The study of the sky led to the development of a calendar and advanced mathematics in these societies.

Babylonian astronomers made accurate observations of celestial bodies, enabling them to create detailed calendars and predict astronomical events (Lunar & Solar Eclipses).

Development of astrology

The ancient Babylonians took the work of Sumerians and ran with it further. They built 'star towers' to observe the heavens, and created the zodiac wheel – which divided the sky into 12 parts based on the constellations which the sun appears to pass through. 

They thus laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology. The Zodiac and its twelve signs can also be traced to Babylonian astrology.

Left a lasting legacy

The Babylonian and Assyrian empires dominated ancient Mesopotamia, leaving lasting legacies. Babylon, under rulers like Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II, created influential laws and stunning architecture. King Ashurbanipal's reign marked its peak, with the creation of a massive library in Nineveh. Both empires contributed to Mesopotamian culture. Their cultural achievements shaped the region's history.

The Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi's Code is one of the earliest surviving legal codes, which established a set of laws governing various aspects of life (property disputes, family relations, and criminal punishments). 

Nebuchadnezzar II constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, featuring terraced gardens watered by innovative irrigation systems. Nebuchadnezzar also rebuilt and expanded the city of Babylon, including the construction of the Ishtar Gate, a massive, ornately decorated entrance to the city.

The library and the Epic of Gilgamesh

Ashurbanipal established the Library in Nineveh, which contained thousands of clay tablets with cuneiform inscriptions covering various subjects (history, mythology, science, and literature). The library included the Epic of Gilgamesh. 

The most famous work of Mesopotamian literature is exactly the Epic of Gilgamesh, which first appears in Akkadian language. The epic poem is around 1000 lines and tells the story of a demigod of superhuman strength named Gilgamesh. It is widely regarded as one of the first great works of literature.

Marvelous structures

The Assyrian and Babylonian art and architecture were characterized by their monumental scale structures. The palaces, temples, and cities were built on a massive scale, with towering walls, gates, and ziggurats that served as symbols of their might

The abundance of clay and lack of stone led to greater use of mudbrick. The use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles. The temples are massive structures of crude brick, supported by buttresses, the rain being carried off by drains. 

Luxury goods

Assyrian and Babylonian artists excelled in the production of luxury goods, such as ivory carvings, metalwork, and textiles, which were highly prized throughout the ancient Near East

Ivory carvings, often used to decorate furniture and other objects, featured intricate designs and mythological scenes. The metalworkers produced fine jewelry and ceremonial objects using gold, silver, and bronze. The textiles, such as embroidered robes and tapestries, were renowned for their quality and beauty.

Scientific achievements

The first ever positional number system

Babylon and Assyria are also known for their achievements in the field of science. They used a base 60 or sexagesimal number system. From this we derive the modern day measurements of both the hour and the minute. 

As the number 60 has many divisors (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30), a sexagesimal system makes calculations easier than the decimal.

Using the sexagesimal system, they were able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers. Their computations were complemented by the use of extensive tables. Also, Babylonian tablets have been found which could have been used for calculating cubes and cube roots.

This numeral system is the first known positional numeral system and it is considered by some as their greatest achievement in mathematics. 

Due to their advanced number system, they made great advances in mathematics, also by developing a sexagesimal number system (base 60) made notable contributions to geometry and algebra. 

Calendar and astronomy

The exploration of the Sun, Moon, and other celestial bodies affected the development of Mesopotamian culture. The study of the sky led to the development of a calendar and advanced mathematics in these societies.

Babylonian astronomers made accurate observations of celestial bodies, enabling them to create detailed calendars and predict astronomical events (Lunar & Solar Eclipses).

Development of astrology

The ancient Babylonians took the work of Sumerians and ran with it further. They built 'star towers' to observe the heavens, and created the zodiac wheel – which divided the sky into 12 parts based on the constellations which the sun appears to pass through. 

They thus laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology. The Zodiac and its twelve signs can also be traced to Babylonian astrology.

Left a lasting legacy

The Babylonian and Assyrian empires dominated ancient Mesopotamia, leaving lasting legacies. Babylon, under rulers like Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II, created influential laws and stunning architecture. King Ashurbanipal's reign marked its peak, with the creation of a massive library in Nineveh. Both empires contributed to Mesopotamian culture. Their cultural achievements shaped the region's history.

The Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi's Code is one of the earliest surviving legal codes, which established a set of laws governing various aspects of life (property disputes, family relations, and criminal punishments). 

Nebuchadnezzar II constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, featuring terraced gardens watered by innovative irrigation systems. Nebuchadnezzar also rebuilt and expanded the city of Babylon, including the construction of the Ishtar Gate, a massive, ornately decorated entrance to the city.

The library and the Epic of Gilgamesh

Ashurbanipal established the Library in Nineveh, which contained thousands of clay tablets with cuneiform inscriptions covering various subjects (history, mythology, science, and literature). The library included the Epic of Gilgamesh. 

The most famous work of Mesopotamian literature is exactly the Epic of Gilgamesh, which first appears in Akkadian language. The epic poem is around 1000 lines and tells the story of a demigod of superhuman strength named Gilgamesh. It is widely regarded as one of the first great works of literature.

Marvelous structures

The Assyrian and Babylonian art and architecture were characterized by their monumental scale structures. The palaces, temples, and cities were built on a massive scale, with towering walls, gates, and ziggurats that served as symbols of their might

The abundance of clay and lack of stone led to greater use of mudbrick. The use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles. The temples are massive structures of crude brick, supported by buttresses, the rain being carried off by drains. 

Luxury goods

Assyrian and Babylonian artists excelled in the production of luxury goods, such as ivory carvings, metalwork, and textiles, which were highly prized throughout the ancient Near East

Ivory carvings, often used to decorate furniture and other objects, featured intricate designs and mythological scenes. The metalworkers produced fine jewelry and ceremonial objects using gold, silver, and bronze. The textiles, such as embroidered robes and tapestries, were renowned for their quality and beauty.

Scientific achievements

The first ever positional number system

Babylon and Assyria are also known for their achievements in the field of science. They used a base 60 or sexagesimal number system. From this we derive the modern day measurements of both the hour and the minute. 

As the number 60 has many divisors (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30), a sexagesimal system makes calculations easier than the decimal.

Using the sexagesimal system, they were able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers. Their computations were complemented by the use of extensive tables. Also, Babylonian tablets have been found which could have been used for calculating cubes and cube roots.

This numeral system is the first known positional numeral system and it is considered by some as their greatest achievement in mathematics. 

Due to their advanced number system, they made great advances in mathematics, also by developing a sexagesimal number system (base 60) made notable contributions to geometry and algebra. 

Calendar and astronomy

The exploration of the Sun, Moon, and other celestial bodies affected the development of Mesopotamian culture. The study of the sky led to the development of a calendar and advanced mathematics in these societies.

Babylonian astronomers made accurate observations of celestial bodies, enabling them to create detailed calendars and predict astronomical events (Lunar & Solar Eclipses).

Development of astrology

The ancient Babylonians took the work of Sumerians and ran with it further. They built 'star towers' to observe the heavens, and created the zodiac wheel – which divided the sky into 12 parts based on the constellations which the sun appears to pass through. 

They thus laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology. The Zodiac and its twelve signs can also be traced to Babylonian astrology.

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Master Aramaic with interactive lessons, native videos, games, offline access, and personalized learning. Fun, easy, and effective—start your journey today!


Open on phone

ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ

ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ